Court Visit Assignment and Instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court Visit Assignment and Instructions - Essay Example In relation to the court visited SFCSC, the case of Nevada patient dumping lawsuit of 2013 has been apparently identified. Based on the observation made, it was found that James C. Mahan, the US District Judge, was appointed as the chief Judge of the court in order to make decisions with respect to the claims made by the attorney of the City and County of San Francisco against Nevada healthcare departments and agencies. With regards to the court visited â€Å"Santa Clara Superior Court,† the case of ‘Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company’ was recognized. Notably, the Presiding Judge of this case was Mr. Justice Harlan. The court or the jurisdiction body of the case was from the Civil Division of the Superior Court of San Francisco. The Civil Division of SFCSC focuses on conducting civil trials with respect to the case. Moreover, the division also tends to manage civil filings, appeals, records along with different civil claims and cases among others within the City and County of San Francisco (Judicial Council of California., 2014). On the other hand, it was the county department of â€Å"Santa Clara Superior Court,† which emphasized delivering appropriate and relevant opinions with respect to the above identified case. With regards to the claim made by Santa Clara County in opposition to Southern Pacific Railroad Company for the due as well as the recovery of county along with state taxes, the county department of the court took certain legal proceedings in order to reach into a valid conclusion. This was mainly conducted through properly going through the assertions made by both the parties and managing relevant flings records as well as appeals (Hartmann, 2010). Since the case of Nevada patient dumping lawsuit was under the Civil Division of the SFCSC, the jurisdiction body of the Court of California incorporated a number of officers including the Judge,

William Blake Essay Example for Free

William Blake Essay Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience appear to be quite simplistic on first reading. Explain how Blake uses imagery, form and language in these poems, and what their content reveals about the times in which they were written and Blakes beliefs In many of the poems from his Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience collections, William Blake writes, at first sight, somewhat simplistically and often in nursery rhymes about life in the 18th century. However, a disturbing picture of poverty, exploitation, hypocrisy and moral decay emerges from the stories of ordinary people and, in particular, children, some of which is hidden and only becomes apparent when we analyse Blakes imagery and language more closely. William Blake was born in London in 1757 to a poor family. He grew up without a formal education but later studied drawing at a school on the Strand. In the early 1770s, he became a student at the Royal Academy where he studied Arts and then was apprenticed to a famous engraver, James Basire. Even though his engravings were good, he was only moderately successful with his work. However, his English skills were amazing for an autodidact. Historically, he witnessed many different events such as the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution and American Independence, which in turn influenced him, his writing style and his radical Christian and political views. Indeed, this can be seen in his legacy, and he is constantly referring to the struggles of London and its people during the industrial revolution in his poems. The Industrial Revolution was the major shift of technological, socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. During that time, an economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of and with machinery Blake was well aware of the changes around him and saw them as a change for the worse rather than the better. Child labour increased, the population increased, churches promoted the wrong ideals, and Blake was angry and frustrated. He wanted a different kind of change and could not get it, thus he begun working on his poems most of which have a hidden or subliminal message to them. His first set of poems were published in 1783, entitled Poetical Sketches and was seen by many as an immature set. His second volume of poems were then published in 1789 and were entitled Songs of Innocence. This set contains some of his most famous work and is still read by many. His third set was published in 1793, entitled Songs of Experience, and it includes many poems that have to be seen as the counterparts of those published in 1789, for example the pair The Lamb and The Tyger. The Lamb is from Songs of Innocence and The Tyger is from Songs of Experience. A lamb symbolises innocence because it is pure and white, a colour which is usually associated with heaven and God. For example the alliterative term meek and he is mild, is used this shows that the lamb is vulnerable. Within this poem there are lots of examples of pastoral imagery and repetition with L in Little Lamb shows that he is only small like a baby and has to rely on someone or something else, lamb can also be linked to Jesus the lamb of God. The l sound is a very soft sound and this is why it can be linked back to vulnerability. The Tyger in the poem Tyger represents evil and the damage that the industrial revolution was causing at the time. In the very first line of the poem it says burning bright, this represents the fire inside the belly of the industries; the effect of the harsh sounding alliteration of these two words is that it makes the reader feel very fearful at the fact that the industrialisation is becoming stronger and stronger. These two poems are different because they use different symbolisms; The Lamb poem uses symbolism linking to innocence and pastoral imagery of streams and meads in the countryside, whilst The Tyger poem uses symbolisms of a strong and scary creature that symbolises the industrial towns that crush things that get in their way, for example What the hammer? What the chain, In what furnace of thy brain? shows materials that would have been used during the industrial revolution. These two poems both have different structures as well because The Lamb has two stanzas and The Tyger has five stanzas, the effect that this has is that it makes the Tyger poem seems longer and not as connected as the Lamb poem. These two poems are similar in the way that they both seem to be asking a lot of questions, although The Lamb does not have any question marks you can still make out questions that are asked, for example Dost thou know who made thee. The Tyger asks a lot more questions and you can pick them out because they are punctuated which makes them stand out more, also a major difference is that the questions in The Lamb are answered, whereas the ones in The Tyger are not and the effect that this creates is one of doubt because you do not know what the answers are. These poems illustrate that during the time that Blake lived there was an industrial revolution and the countryside, the meek and mild lamb was being destroyed by this fearsome Tyger (the industrial revolution) I will now focus on the two poems The Chimney Sweeper one of which is from the book the Songs of Innocence and the other from the Songs of Experience. In the Songs of Innocence book the poem called The Chimney Sweeper, explores the life of a young child, a chimney sweeper and also contains pastoral imagery that is similar to those used in The Lamb for example Bright key and wash in a river and shine in the Sun which create an effect of purity and peacefulness in the world. Similarly to The Lamb, a child is used by the poet in order to establish a sense of innocence with the reader, this can be identified when the narrator says I was very young and the fact that the boy is a chimney sweeper. This effect of a child as a narrator is that it can be used as a sign of innocence. The mood and tone of the poem is then helped, which evokes sympathy from the reader and reveals how faith is restored into the child through God. The positive mood and tone of the poem is created by help from the pastoral and bright imagery. In the Chimney Sweeper religion is portrayed in a positive light and Blake shows this through the dream of a chimney sweeper. In the dream, an Angel who had a bright key, And he opend the coffins set them all free; which was Blake trying to express that new life is given to people and that if you follow Gods rules, you will be happy in your afterlife no matter how miserable your current life is. He also gives more pastoral imagery of a green plain which is less industrial and more natural. In addition, in The Chimney Sweeper religion is degraded as the narrator, who has had experience now, blames the God his Priest King for his misfortunes, as well as his parents. Darker imagery and language is now used by Blake such as little black thing among the snow to describe the children, showing how a once pure and innocent child can be turned into the opposite through experience and society. The narrator then reflects upon how harsh the times were for him as a child by revealing They clothed me in the clothes of death which means he was left for death by his parents. Religious hypocrisy was one aspect Blake was strongly against, this was the idea that the Church was trying to tell people the right thing to do, but in fact were doing the exact opposite by neglecting the children and imposing fear into people using God. The Chimney Sweeper has six quatrains but the sentences are shorter in comparison to Holy Thursday. The poem also has rhyming couplets and this continues the song-like rhythm that Blake creates in his Songs of Innocence poems. The speaker is a young boy, a chimney sweeper, and the poem is written from his point of view. By having the young boy as the speaker it allows Blake to evoke pity from the reader and allows Blake to describe how life was for a young chimney sweeper through a first-person perspective. Similarly to the two sweeper poems, there is another set of poems that carries the same tile, Holy Thursday and, thus refers to the Thursday before Easter, the day of the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with the Apostles. The Holy Thursday included in the Songs of Innocence consists of much longer lines than the other poems and could almost be described as a narrative poem. The tone and rhythm however is similar to all of those previously featured in the Songs of Innocence section like a nursery rhyme. The first stanza opens positively and cheerfully, with children attending a service, their innocent faces clean. This once again reminds us of the childrens innocence and how they can still get close to God, in particular when Blake later likens them to lambs again. However, we somehow also get an image of happy children who have made an effort to be clean for their church visit and/or whose faces are not stained yet by the loss of innocence, and the colours of their clothes, red blue green, also sound cheerful. However, the colour imagery continues and we soon realise that the children have only been dressed up for church because they are chimney sweeper groups following their Grey- headed beadles. In contrast to the children who are unlikely to even grow up, they have had the chance to grow old. The reference to the colour white in the simile with wands as white as snow is ironic. While white usually stands for innocence, we know that wands are a symbol of oppression and control, and the snow might well represent the coldness of the beadles hearts. Once again, the children are depersonalised in the simile they like Thames waters flow into the church. There are multitudes and Thousands of them, and there is no room to pay them individual attention. However, Blake also describes them as the flowers of London, perhaps ironically to remind us that we should allow children to bloom and that flowers are usually growing and beautiful, in contrast to the children who will die early. In addition, when the whole experience seems rather regimented because the children have to walk in two two and sit in companies. It almost is an image of military discipline. It is highly ironic when Blake describes the beadles as the childrens wise guardians, when any wisdom they may have gained is only used to oppress the children and their actions overall show everything but wisdom. The strength of the childrens voices is shown when Blake describes their voices as a mighty wind they raise to heaven. Metaphorically, wind can blow bad things away, and perhaps the children could change society if given the chance. They certainly seem to have the energy and drive. Blake also uses a biblical reference in the last line of the poem, Then cherish pity, lets you drive an angel from your door. This is a reference to Hebrews 13:2, Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares. This powerful quote implies that we must be good to our fellow man as they may have just been sent by God to test us. Thus, the innocent children should of course be treated particularly well. I will now focus finally on one of his most famous poems London from the Songs of Experience. The whole of the poem shows William Blakes view of London during the 18th Century, he describes the oppression inflicted on the civilians both by themselves and by others. Blakes attitude to society, as he describes it in his poem London, shows London to be controlled by bureaucratic laws. This is shown by the mentioning of charterd streets, charters were given to people who were richer or more powerful than most and it allowed them to control the streets of London. Blake also mentions the Thames at this point to emphasise the extremity of the control by saying the charterd Thames, obviously it is ridiculous attempt to control the river. Blake puts a large emphasis onto the depair affecting everyone by the repetition of every there is also an exaggeration of of the negative feeling by the repetition of cry. In the third stanza Blake places some of the responsibility onto the church, the church is metaphorically described as blakening to represent the guilt. There is also a juxtaposition in this line, appalls is exaggerating the blame of the church as well as meaning goes pale which is a juxtaposition with blackening. Blake also connects the chimney-sweeper with the church because they are often in need of the churchs help but are oftened turned away, this is why the blakening church also represents the smoke and soot. During this time many feared a revolution as one had occured recently in France, it is obvious that Blake also feared a revolution as he mentions the hapless soldiers blood running down the palace walls this shows he believes that if the unhappiness of the soldiers is continually ignored by those running the country a revolution is inevatable. The final stanza concentrates on marriage and new-life, both of which should bring happeness, instead Blake sees new-life as just continueing the cycle of the corruption, and he critisises the reasons for marriage, believing that many marry for convenience rather than marrying for love. Blake also critisises the youthful harlot and uses the word plaugue to suggest STDs which will be contracted and passed on. Blake uses immagery to put across his view, with the main idea being the constraint and lack of freedom for everyone within London. The poems from Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience have more meaning than the reader might first imagine due to mainly the events that were surrounding their author William Blake at the time of their writing. By the harsh reality of London at that time Blake incorporates the Chimney sweeps, Charity schools, London in general and the industrial revolution into his poems. He does not openly state what each poem is about but within in writing we can pick up on ideas and themes that influenced him to write these poems. While reading these poems people pick up on the things happening at the time due to the detail in which they are described in poetry. These poems are not just poems, they are more like Blakes autobiography on his life through the form of media he liked best, poetry.

The Magic of Books Essay -- How Education Has Changed My Life

The books that lined the shelves were of many different colors, of many varying ages, and of many various authors. The bindings were leather and paper and even a cotton fabric material, and the lettering embossed upon them was in gold and silver and sometimes in plain ink. Authors that had been passed on reverently from age to age sat mightily in their rightful places, next to their respective equals: such writers as Defoe and Hawthorne sat side by side, while others, like Whitman and Thoreau surrounded them. Each book had been lovingly placed in its specific niche, and as the little girl gazed about the room, it was obvious to her that many hours had been spent placing and caring for this massive collection. Â   There was a distinct smell about the room--not the moldy mothball scent that a lot of people can smell when they walk into a well-aged library, but a smell that reminded the young girl of school and very faintly of knowledge. Strength seemed to give off a permanent kind of glow in this room, as though the books knew that neither time nor age would ever be able to reach them. The smell of age and wisdom and education overwhelmed the little girl and she stood staring up at the many rows of books in awe. Â   When the old woman came into the room, she found the small girl standing in the center of the room and spinning slowly around as she tried to take in every one of the books with her ... ...ry, it seemed as though the myriad of books that lined the shelves were waiting and expectant, listening, almost, for her first words to the little girl. So much education, so much life remained ahead of the little girl, and she could garner so much experience through reading. The library was replete with more knowledge than anyone could ever gain in one lifetime, and the old woman smiled secretly to herself as she read the title aloud to the little girl. Â   The future of the book, she thought to herself as she began reading the first chapter to the little girl, is our children. Â   The little girl smiled and leaned against her grandmother as the landscape of India unfolded in her mind.

The Internet :: Technology, e-commerce

In recent years, Internet has becomes one of the best tools in the modern society covering a wide range of areas such as business, military, communication and information exchange. It is not only limited to web browsing or sending / receiving emails only. People could even purchase tickets of the movie or concert tickets, download any favourite songs or movies and to buy things in foreign countries via the Internet without leaving the house (Pakhare, 2010). Internet is a common term in the 21st century. It is now relatively easier and lower cost to develop an e-commerce business than it was 10 years ago, therefore more individuals have bloomed up to entering into the world of Internet business. At the same time, failure cases are still rising. E-commerce has not been cooled down by the â€Å"Dot com bubble†, but it has caused e-commerce to become more flourished than before (Census and Statistics Department, 2010). It is due to the fact that Internet services are begin provided in 24 x 7 x 365 basis such as service is available all year round. Consumers could gain any marketing information and to gather other consumers’ experiences in a borderless fashion via the Internet (Backer, 2005). Thousands of forums, blogs, news-groups and social utilities are famous channels in distributing consumer to consumer (C2C) information and business to consumer (B2C) information, otherwise known as the â€Å"word of mouth†. Based on the Internet, both good and bad comments of the products could be obtained in a more effective and efficient. Reports from the Hong Kong government were available which provided an overview on the usage of Internet by Hong Kong resident. On â€Å"Usage of personal computers and internet services by Hong Kong Residents, 2000 to 2009† report (Census and Statistics Department, 2010), it showed that there was an increase in the number of families with Personal Computer (PC) connected to the internet during the years 2000 to 2009. The numbers have increased from 770 thousands families (36.4%) in the year 2000 to 1.6 million families (73.3%) in the year 2009. In 2009, there were approximately 620 thousands families (26.7%) without Internet connection. The people among the top usage of the Internet were mainly from 10 to 34 years old with more than 95% of the people in this age group with Internet connection in 2009. The number of people above the age of 45 with internet usage have also increased by nearly 10 times, during the years from around 129 thousands (5.

Lev semenovich vygotsky, two types of psychological development

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky was a developmental Psychologist. He lived a short life during turbulent, radical times. Lev Vygotsky was born on the 17th November 1896 in Orsha, a metropolis in the Western part of the Russian Empire in a Judaic household. He died 37 old ages subsequently from TB in Stalinist, Russia. Vygotsky was a Lawyer based on his University instruction and a school instructor by business. Although his involvements were rather diverse his Hagiographas frequently centred on subjects of kid development and instruction. Some of the major theories developed by Lev Vygotsky include ; Socio-cultural Theory – Vygotsky proposed there were two types of psychological development ; â€Å" natural † consisting of biological growing, physical and cognitive development ; and â€Å" cultural † , dwelling of larning to utilize psychological and cultural tools, including marks, symbols and linguistic communication. Vygotsky believed that a kid ‘s development is a consequence of his/her civilization. He thought that development applied ab initio to the psychological procedure, for illustration, linguistic communication accomplishments, the manner of thought and other mental maps. Vygotsky believed the above is accomplishable through interacting socially with others, the parents being of peculiar influence to the kid along-side knowing others. Interaction with others enables a kid to larn the life style of his/her civilization. These wonts being things such as address forms, the written linguistic communication and other constructed cognition. Both n atural and cultural operation act jointly to simplify the development procedure. Vygotskys socio-cultural theory suggests that societal interaction leads to uninterrupted bit-by-bit alterations in a kid ‘s idea and behavior that can change greatly from civilization to civilization ( Woolfolk, 1998 ) . Basically, Vygotskys theory implies that development depends on a kid ‘s interaction with others and the tools that civilization provides to assist them organize their ain position of the universe. His theory combines the societal environment and knowledge. Children will get the ways of thought and behaving by interacting with a more knowing other. Vygotsky believed that every map in the kid ‘s cultural development appears twice, foremost on the societal degree and subsequently, on the single degree, foremost between people ( inter-psychological ) and so inside the kid ( intra-psychological ) Vygotsky, 1978. The socio-cultural theory consists of several elements to as sist implement it ( see below left ) . Language and the thoughts that are expressed by agencies of linguistic communication play a cardinal function in mental development.image Zone of Proximal development – Harmonizing to Vygotsky kids learn by following the beliefs, values, and attitudes of others, either consciously or unconsciously as a consequence of interacting with them. Vygotsky argues that the Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) is the difference between a kid ‘s bing abilities and what s/he can larn under counsel from a knowing other. Therefore the Proximal Zone is the difference between what kids are already able to make and what they are non rather ready to carry through by themselves. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, a knowing other must assist direct and organize a kid ‘s acquisition before the kid can understand and follow it. In order for the ZPD to be a success, it must incorporate two characteristics, the first of which is called subjectiveness. This term implies that the knowing other must hold a common apprehension of what they are making with the kid, in-other-words both parties must hold a shared end. The kid uses the exper tness of the knowing other ( adept ) in the acquisition procedure. To get down the expert takes duty, so as the kid ( novice ) learns, the expert transportations rational duty to the novitiate. This is non immediate but a gradual procedure for illustration, when an expert teaches a kid how to swim, the expert first supports the kid in the H2O and so Lashkar-e-Taibas go bit by bit, there-by switching duty to the kid. The ZPD uses two degrees to find a kid ‘s ability and potency. A kid ‘s â€Å" existent development degree † is what s/he can accomplish unaided without aid. This sets the footing for a kid ‘s cognition and is what is traditionally assessed and valued in schools. The â€Å" possible development degree † is the degree of proficiency a kid can make when s/he is guided and supported by another individual. Social interaction helps a kid to retrieve and may even keep the cardinal to memory development. The construct of a important other steerin g a kid through the ZPD is known as guided engagement /scaffolding.Graph: Zone of proximal development: Vygotsky Guided Participation/Scaffolding – Harmonizing to Vygotsky staging is the procedure used by a knowing other to teach or steer a kid through hard jobs, in order to cultivate hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tascwheel.com/files/research/article-01/figure3.jpg her/his potency. Scaffolding makes it easy for a kid to construct on the cognition they already have and helps them follow new thoughts and attitudes. Any direction given by the knowing other must be directed towards the hereafter and non the yesteryear. Guidance can be given in legion different ways, by a knowing other, by cultural experiences or objects or by a kid ‘s old acquisition. Vygotsky assumed that a kid ‘s development is a consequence of his/her civilization. He thought that development applied chiefly to the psychological procedure, for illustration, usage of linguistic communication accomplishments, the logical thinking procedure and other mental maps. Vygotsky thought that the above is achieved through interacting with others, parents being peculiarly influential to the kid ‘s development along-side knowing others. Interaction with others enables a kid to larn the manner of life of his/her civilization, that is to state address forms, the written lingu istic communication and other constructed cognition. Vygotsky believed that societal interaction helps kids to retrieve and may even keep the cardinal to memory building. As illustrated in the image above, the scaffolding rule plants on the footing that the knowing other asks the kid unfastened ended, near ended inquiries and gives bit-by-bit instructions ever structuring the acquisition procedure. Encouragement and congratulations are offered at every chance, while each point is reinforced through presentation, repeat and the usage of psychological tools. This procedure helps the kid construct on their cognition. Psychological tools can be in the signifier of â€Å" symbolic objects † such as, marks, relevant texts, expression, graphs, important devices and today it besides includes electronic signifiers of information entree ( computers/internet ) .Internalization and LanguageAnother of import part made by Vygotsky connects the development of relationships between linguisti c communication and idea. This construct is farther explained in his book Thought and Language. It looks at the connexion between address ( soundless inner address and unwritten linguistic communication look ) and the development of mental perceptual experience and consciousness of one ‘s thought procedure. Vygotsky argues that it is through the above that a kid ‘s ideas and mental concepts are formed. Language development is formed in the undermentioned four phases ; Crude Stage – At this phase a kid has n't mastered the art of address s/he merely babblings. The sounds that s/he makes do n't hold any existent significance or intent. The kid is merely experimenting with their new found accomplishment. This action does non intend that a kid does non believe it merely suggests that s/he has non learned to internalize her/his address. Naive Stage – When a kid foremost learns to talk s/he may state certain words before s/he has a comprehensive apprehension of their significance and map. A kid merely understands that when a word is said in a certain manner others understand the significance. In other words understanding of a word comes before the kid really learns the full significance and intent of that word and is able to set it in any peculiar order. External Stage – In this phase the kid begins to utilize peripheral objects such as, flash cards, or fingers for numbering. This is besides the beginning of the egoistic address. The kid will speak to herself during drama with others or when there is no 1 else about. This action is the kid ‘s verbalization of ideas. In-growth Stage – In this phase the kid ‘s egoistic address turns inwards. S/he enters the concluding phase of linguistic communication development and with these new found abilities the kid is able to execute logical undertakings internally. Rather than numbering aloud s/he will number in her/his caput utilizing portion of her/his short term memory. Vygotsky believed that the more a kid uses internalised idea and logic, the better a kid can execute.Major Contributions to EducationVygotsky has made many of import parts to the instruction system and instruction, he has become to some extent a powerful figure in instruction, school psychological science and particular instruction, respected all over the universe. Many instructors and parents even before Vygotskys clip noticed an obvious connexion between support from a knowing other and the advancement a kid is able to do utilizing that support. Vygotskys ZPD helped determine options to standardized testing in schools. Vyg otsky founded what is known as â€Å" dynamic appraisal † . Dynamic assessment accent potency instead than present accomplishment and measures the acquisition procedure straight. Traditional trials merely measure the kid ‘s current abilities based on past acquisition and non the kid ‘s possible. Harmonizing to Vygotsky dynamic appraisal leads a kid to accomplish success through joint shared activity ( Lidz, 1995 ) . The ZPD has direct bearing on readying in school instruction, it enables a instructor to take methods bespoke for peculiar pupils. Vygotsky believed that the schoolroom is a society consisting of a community of scholars with assorted ability, expert/novice working together. He viewed the instructor as an teacher, steering and interacting with pupils. Through the procedure of scaffolding the instructor is able to supply support to the pupils. Through the effectual usage of linguistic communication in the staging procedure the instructor is able to negoc iate with the kid. Vygotskys theory encourages coaction in the schoolroom. The instructor has to supply sufficient support until the pupil is able to travel through all set undertakings independently.Vygotskys 4 Principles Applied in ClassroomsHypertext transfer protocol: //viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebooklet/et-it/4vygo.htm Learning and development is a societal collaborative activity – This suggests that interaction between grownups and other kids is critical. The usage of engineering to heighten communicating, contact and interaction would be good in the schoolroom. Programmes that support combined job resolution and synergistic determination doing enrich the acquisition environment. The ZPD can function as a usher for curricular and lesson be aftering – Appropriate support by the instructor can help the acquisition procedure. Thoughtful counsel and productive treatment with the debut of psychological tools such as, encyclopaedias on CD-ROM, package such as, grammar draughtss and encephalon storming package would all assist the kid develop understanding and cognition. School acquisition should happen in a meaningful context – We learn things in relation to what else we already know and believe. Learning is an active societal procedure. It is non possible to absorb new cognition without some kind of old cognition to construct upon. The more we know the more we learn. Therefore a instructor must link what is to be learned with the pupil ‘s old cognition. Relate out-of-school experience to the kid ‘s school experience – The linguistic communication we use influences larning. It is of import for a instructor to organize school larning around the civilization the kid knows and understands for illustration, a category of pupils analyzing history could utilize a multimedia presentation to bring forth a undertaking about the history of their town. Vygotsky has made valuable parts in determining learning methods within particular instruction. He insisted that instructors should make a acquisition environment which would provide handicapped pupils with alternate agencies of communicating and development and those psychological tools should be used by instructors that are most suitable to counterbalance for a pupil ‘s peculiar disablement. He argued that a kid ‘s societal eviction is the chief factor responsible for its flawed development. Vygotsky states that although sightlessness may be a biological defect, a instructor must non cover with the biological factor entirely but besides look at the societal effects faced by the kid as a consequence of its sightlessness. He promoted the thought that handicapped kids should be included in the social/cultural life of their communities as this would rush effectual rehabilitation.Some Restrictions to Vygotskys TheoryVygotsky stresses the importance of civilization and lingui stic communication in understanding. However there is limited research that determines whether grownup, kid and equal coactions differ in their value ( Miller 2002 ) . There is besides the inquiry on how much aid the knowing other should give the kid and whether excessively much coaction could take to regression instead than assist a pupil evolve ( Miller 2002 ) . Vygotskys theory is frequently compared to Jean Piaget, who believed that cognitive competency should non be looked at until a kid reached the appropriate development phase. Piaget believed that the most of import beginning of cogitation is the kid itself. It is frequently said that Vygotsky was in front of his times. His theory was formed over 50 old ages ago and his had such a profound consequence on our instruction system. Even today, instruction psychologists are still researching his theory, which could go an of import instrument to alter, regenerate our present instruction system.

HR Project Food Technician Essay

HR Project Food Technician Essay HR Project Food Technician Essay Weiners For MIdgets HR Project Food Technician Job Description Mr. Ryan Anderson Mohammed Haj-Ahmed, Vinu Madhavan, Chinyere Kinika Contents Job Description for Wieners for Midgets 3 Summary of Duties: 3 Knowledge/ Skill Section 5 Specific abilities legally required by the job: 5 Working Conditions Section 6 Job Description uses: 6 HR Department Use: 6 Manager’s Use: 7 Chart of Hierarchy: 8 Approvals 9 Job Description for Wieners for Midgets Position Title: Food Technician Reports to: Food Quality Department Supervisor Department: Distribution Division: Mississauga, Ontario Job Description last reviewed: March 1st 2013 Summary of Duties: As a food technician in Wieners for Midgets, you are entailed to follow our Food Health and Safety Act to ensure you are providing exceptional food to the market that is superbly inspected with laboratory tests such as; checking for any bacteria, allergens, toxins, filth, pesticides residue and any other food analysis that impoverishes the quality of food. Additionally, you are forestalled to inspect all incoming and outgoing shipments to check all products are securely sealed, not expired, rotten, no damages to any boxes or products and the correct nutritional value information is assessed to its appropriate product. Last but not least, ensure a clean, sanitized working environment and maintain a positive working atmosphere that’s free from any sort of harassment, provocation and nuisance. Good leadership and communication skills are highly endorsed in this working environment. This is a brief general description of what is expected from you, however, the Job description belo w entails everything that you will be accountable for in this job. Food Technician Duties: 1. Standardized qualitative tests that assess external factors such as appearance size, shape, colour, gloss, consistency, texture, and flavour. Additionally you need to conduct quantitative tests that need the use of a laboratory that assess internal chemical, physical, microbial features of the product or food to ensure that the food or beverage products are acceptable, healthy, nutritious, and salubrious for any consumer. 2. Ensure the quality and functionality of manufactured goods by operating physical and chemical analysis. Some include but not limited to; pH, water content, loss on drying, density, neutralizing capacity, dimensions, disintegration, dissolution. 3. Perform visual inspections such as inspecting the carrier to verify suitability for the intended cargo cleanliness, dryness, ventilation, cargo separation. Moreover, to look for any damage, unsafe packaging, or hazardous materials that could potentially harm the food. 4. Review final products to ensure the quality specifications such as are met. For instance you can do a check on packing, marking and labeling, manufacture dates, batch numbers, expiry dates, shipping marks, packing lists, supplier certificates and labels 5. Use test equipment such as a. Food chemistry analysis, such as moisture, fat, protein, pH, salt, minerals, sugar, contaminants, and more. b. Food microbiology analysis, such as Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Listeria, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast, mold etc. c. Food nutrition analysis, such as nutritional value, daily value% etc d. Food allergen analysis, such as peanut, egg, soy, and other allergens. e. Natural food toxin analysis, such as histamine and fumosin for safety and training purposes and moreover, to evaluate products to determine if they’re healthy, beneficial and nourishing. Food Quality Duties: 1. Monitoring the workplace to ensure no broken glass is neglected, shipments are inspected, food is placed in freezers or put in places according to the temperature required to sustain and keep the food healthy, no cross-contamination occurs, products are sealed and open products or broken ones are disposed away correctly, and lastly, to make sure the work place is sanitized frequently; every 30

The Concept Of Poverty Research Paper Example

The Concept Of Poverty Research Paper Example The Concept Of Poverty Paper The Concept Of Poverty Paper The term ‘poverty’ has become very common in this world today. In fact, it has been a part of the everyday language of most people. But despite the common use of this word, it concept of essence has not been grasp fully or in totality by the majority. Because of this, they are misled to what really is centered on the concept of poverty. For the many, poverty would be defined as just the absence or lack or material possessions. To other, the lack of money can be equated to poverty. On a deeper sense, poverty can be defined as the deprivation of an individual on the three basic needs for survival- food, clothing and housing. All of these definitions are deemed correct. However, the concept of poverty has come a long way. Poverty today goes beyond the lack of material possessions or the deprivation of the three basic needs of a human being. For all we know, the concept of poverty may have developed to become a subjective term. The ‘Copenhagen Declaration’ of the United Nations defines poverty as â€Å"a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. † With this, people can be considered as poor when they are unable to eat, have access to hospital care or even go to school regardless of their income. (ThinkQuest, 2006) With this, one can say that there are different measures utilized in order to determine the state of poverty of a person. Some would employ quantitative means in order to measure poverty while other would rely on the qualitative aspect. More so, some people would emphasize the importance of the two approaches, thus the combination of it would yield the best result. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Anup, 2006), have come up with a definition of poverty line to mean one dollar per day. However, this measure has been criticized by many because it can not really provide a true picture of global poverty. This is evident in the issues of poverty threshold. For instance, in the family of four in the United States, they live with eleven dollars a day in order to survive. As such, this measure of poverty is deemed not effective since it misses out much of humanity to understand the impacts. According to the U. S. Census Bureau (2007), poverty is defined at the family level and not at the household level. As such, the household can be considered as poor when the householder’s family has a total income which is below the appropriate poverty threshold. Meanwhile, there are also different criteria in determining poverty threshold. This includes the number of children, the size of the family, age and many more. In the United States, it has been claimed that in spite of the steady decline of poverty in the country, there is still a higher rate of poverty today than before. In 1998, the Census Bureau states that there are 34. 5 million Americans who are poor. Although this rate is considered as relatively low, because of the continuous decline, it is still generally higher when compared in the 1970s wherein it ranged from 11 to 12. 6 percent. Furthermore, the characteristic of poverty is America is far from uniform. Particularly, the poverty in the country varies by age, region, family composition and race. (Almanac of Policy Issues, 2007) And so, with the significant presence of poverty in the United States, there is a need for the relatively wealthy family to help the poor. More importantly, the leaders of the country are expected to devise policies which can alleviate poverty and as well as promote sustainable development for the long-term welfare of the poor.

A Synopsis of the Movie The Princess Bride Essay Example

A Synopsis of the Movie The Princess Bride Essay Example A Synopsis of the Movie The Princess Bride Paper A Synopsis of the Movie The Princess Bride Paper Essay Topic: The Prince Buttercups father continued and said, Not with water.. You reek like a Italian, (43). While I was reading the book I pictured this beautiful girl with long blonde hair, and then I find out that she doesnt properly bathe, and that made me rethink how I looked at Buttercup as a beautiful young lady that guys were highly attracted to. The author did this to make you question who she really was and if she was as beautiful as you pictured she would be. Meanwhile, in the movie she was a very beautiful young lady that had long blonde flowing hair and pretty blue eyes. Prince Henpecking and Wesley were fighting over her and would do anything to be tit her. Everyone always talks about how beautiful Buttercup Is and she Is probably getting tired of all the comments and she may be getting tired of them. She says, Enough about my beauty, Everybody always talks about how beautiful I am. Ive got a mind, Wesley. Talk about that; (196). The only thing people know her for is her beauty. I know being called beautiful means a lot, but Im sure it gets old very fast. But at the same time all Buttercup wants to be recognized for is her knowledge and what she knows. Buttercup wasnt always the best decision-maker and made plenty f mistakes throughout the book, one being the choice not the bathe. Buttercup was always on the top on the list of being the prettiest young ladies, and she had a lot to look forward with being the prettiest. The book said, She hated to wash her face, she loathed the area behind her ears, she was sick of combing her hair and did so as little as possible (44). She was slowly but surely beginning to get lose her beauty and others were replacing her, In the movie, I believe that she would still be considered the most beautiful, because there were no other girls in the movie that she had to moment with. Another not-so-smart decision Buttercup made was the choice to marry someone she didnt even like just to marry them. She states It wasnt wrong to marry someone you didnt like, it Just wasnt right either (88), she states that because she didnt want to marry someone she didnt want to be with. People marry people because they love their special someone and want to be with them and not for their money nor whatever else they have to offer. In the movie she doesnt marry anyone. Prince Henpecking was trying to get her to marry him Instead of being with Wesley, the farm boy. Through the whole story and movie, Buttercup doesnt have the best relationships with other characters. Most of the relationships she has with other characters are very violent and not a good situation to be In. However, she has a very sweet, romantic relations Walt Wesley, especially In ten movie slyly Decease you could actually see them and not have to think about it while reading the book. They are perfect for each other. l can live without love (188), this was said by Buttercup when she was talking about she had to love someone and the person she loved could NOT die. Living without love is hard, and its lonely. Everyone needs someone in their life to depend on so they will have them for them when they need someone to talk to about anything at any time of the day and no matter where they may be in life. This has to do with Buttercup because she is lonely and needs someone. Something that Buttercup is very happy with is riding her horse. She doesnt have very strong relationships with people so she chooses the horse because she can get on it and ride it and get away from everything she is going through. That is something she has a good relationship with. Her passion was to ride her horse and taunt the farm boy. The author says, What she liked to do, preferred above all else really, was to ride her horse and taunt the farm boy (44). Throughout the book she makes me feel like she thinks she is better than everyone else but she doesnt think she is too good for anyone she Just like to be alone. Buttercup states, .. L Just like riding by myself, thats all (44). I think me and Buttercup have a lot in common considering she likes to be alone and I very much like to be alone and get mistaking to being stuck up and rude because of this. Everyone always thinks she is too good for anyone because she has always been under the light and everyone always caters to her. But she always keeps people thinking and on their toes. Buttercup and Hummingbirds relationship is not a loving relationship because they dont love each other the way Buttercup and Wesley does. Henpecking is nice to Buttercup when she is around him, but behind her back he talks bad about her and contemplates murdering her. Buttercup has a feeling that Henpecking is talking about her behind her back and later on she has a feeling that he didnt send Wesley to his ship and that he is holding him hostage somewhere.

Fast food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast food - Research Paper Example They carried out this study to understand the perceptions among Latino parents on their role(s) in countering the alarming obesity cases among children (Glassman, Figueroa and Irigoyen, 4-13). This study had a sample representation of twenty-six parents and was conducted in New York City with preschool parents. The parents unanimously agreed that they had a critical role in preventing the obesity problem among their children through proper dietary practices. However, there were also some hindrances to the effectiveness of their fight against obesity through issues of societal pressures, family history and interparental / intergenerational issues as well as the adolescence issues. Therefore, the study would reveal the importance of empowering the parents to fight the obesity menace among the children through such mechanisms as family based interventions which are culturally effective and helping them overcome the hindrances outlined above. From such a study as this, it is clear that t hough the problem has a lot to blame on the actual food taken and thus by extension to the fast food industry, the most to blame over the condition are the particular persons taking the food. For instance, the fast food outlets would not be blamed over the increasing obesity conditions among the kids but rather the parents who take the active role of funding the children to get the food or better still taking them to these outlets for meals. Diet is the major cause of obesity as a fact as illustrated from the above excerpt. Nevertheless, genetic structure within families as well as developmental stages of human beings such as the adolescence has critical contribution to the occurrence of such a condition. It is therefore a justified concern to evaluate the role that fast food, as part of regular diet to many people in the modern society, has played in raising the cases of obesity. The fast foods are blamed on having high levels of saturated fats and calories which are interpreted to contribute greatly to adding weight uncontrollably (Sheehan, para 2). This therefore confirms the fears and blames that people often level on fast food on occurrences of obesity. Research has equally played a major role in supporting the claims on causes of obesity where many such study findings support poor dietary practices to be the major cause of the condition. This however does not totally disregard other influential factors that would equally be blamed on the rising cases of obesity among people, especially the Americans. They are therefore justified to level accusations and blame on fast food as a cause to their weight problems; obesity is such an example. Although it is a well-known fact that fast food is commonly unhealthy, the obesity epidemic in America is not caused by the fast food industry, but rather the individuals that make the conscious choice to dine at these restaurants. Discussion Parents and guardians have a most influential role to pay on the habits that the children pick up as they grow, with diet and eating habits being among them. Good parentage entails setting good examples to the young on such aspects as healthy eating and best joints to hang out in among other responsibilities. In this argument, I stand to refute that the availability fast food joints at the proximity of

Political and Social Analysis of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political and Social Analysis of America - Essay Example This took place from the earlier 15th Century. Moreover, the 15th century saw a great increase in African immigrants, who the explorers brought in to America as slaves (Vigdor 184). However, after the end of slave trade, these Africans settled in America to raise the Afro-American race. Immigration to the US still exists even today. Besides, the US also has illegal immigrants. This manuscript will look into these US immigrants, considering the factors and impacts of their immigrants. Factors that Led to the US immigration settlements Various factors led to the immigrants settling in the US. For instance, due to the increase in industrialization, most of the immigrants’ home nations failed to provide them with employment opportunities (Coates 83). Conversely, the US provided these immigrants with better working conditions and increased wages. Consequently, these immigrants had to settle in the US. Additionally, some immigrants settled in America as a result of natural calamitie s. They left their home nations as they escaped from disasters such famine, drought and other adverse weather conditions. For instance, most Irish immigrants to the US came because of the potato famine. Some American government policies also resulted in an upsurge of these immigrants. In the mid 1800, the US government passed a bill that gave the settlers over 150 acres of land. This resulted in an increase in the number of immigrants, since their driving force was the free land on offer. Many immigrants settled in America based on their own free will. However, some former immigrants came to the US through force. For instance, the African American settlers came into America as slaves that provided inexpensive labor and also helped during wars. Moreover, some illegal immigrants settled in America because of political unrest and peace in the US. Nations such as China, Germany, Cuba, and Russia and others faced various forms of political instabilities and their citizens had to move to the US where there were peace and better policies (Vigdor 185). Moreover, the US had enacted regulations that encouraged foreigners into settling in the land, since they were in serious need of both skillful and non-skillful employees to drive their growing economy. Effects of the Immigrations to America Positive Effects Some natives liked the idea of the immigrants settling in the US, citing that they provided cheap labor that steered economic growth (Coates 83). However, others opposed this idea, claiming that the immigrants were the core reasons for their labor problems. As a result, there were positive as well as negative consequences that resulted from the immigrations. Among the positive impacts of these migrations included the cheap and readily available workforce (Coates 84). The immigrants provided inexpensive skilled and unskilled labor, thereby improving the productivity of most companies, resulting from lower production costs. This in turn led to reduction of the prices of goods and services, and thus it improves the lives of both American natives as well as other immigrants. Besides, immigrants have resulted in a significant population increase in America. Despite the fact that an increased population leads to other negative implications, the huge population also comes with its advantages. For instance, the large population provides the US with a steady market for the goods and

Knowledge Management and its Benefit to Business Assignment

Knowledge Management and its Benefit to Business - Assignment Example 2. Background Knowledge management is defined as a concept through which a business or an enterprise collects, organizes, distributes, and analyzes individuals and groups’ knowledge within an organization in ways that affect the performance of the business directly (Oliver & English, 2007). Knowledge management has also been defined as the process of identifying and analyzing available, relevant, and required knowledge processes and assets within an organization with the primary aim of achieving organizational goals and objectives. Over the years, knowledge management has proved to be an effective tool in enabling organizations to achieve their objectives (Pauleen & Gorma, 2011). There are numerous benefits that are associated with knowledge management. The first one is that it helps to ensure that right information gets to the right individuals at the appropriate time in order to facilitate making of the right decisions. Besides, it has been associated with increasing efficie ncy in the organizations, and this is critical in improving organizational productivity and performance (Davidson, 2002). Also, knowledge management tends to promote growth and learning among employees. Employee learning and growth is not only crucial in boosting employee satisfaction but also in enhancing their productivity at work (Collins et al., 2010). Since knowledge management helps in making better decisions in the organizations, it enables organizations to reduce costs because decisions on cost-related issues are appropriate and aimed at reducing costs in order to increase profitability. Along with that, it helps business avoid unnecessary cost because people involved know what the right cost is to incur through knowledge management process (Esposto & Abbott, 2011). Moreover, knowledge management is beneficial in the sense that it improves team communication. The process of collecting, sharing, and analyzing knowledge with the organization promotes communication among those involved, and this significantly contributes towards improved team communication (Pauleen & Gorma, 2011). In addition, it reduces the time taken in problem solving process in the business because there is knowledge of what the problem may be in the business and what the possible solutions should be. More importantly, knowledge management enhances customer satisfaction and participation. Knowledge management involves collecting, sharing and analyzing knowledge on a lot of issues including those about customers. The knowledge analyzed regarding customers can be used to create ways through which customer participation and satisfaction can be improved (Collins et al., 2010). Additionally, it can help a business have a better understanding of the market; this is important in helping business to devise ways through which a business can increase its market share in order to increase its profitability. Furthermore, improved profitability is another benefit associated with knowledge manageme nt. Since knowledge management provides business with ways of reducing its costs, increasing market share, enhancing customer satisfaction, and improving team communication, business performance is bound to improve and, therefore, lead to improved profitability (Oliver & English, 2007). While it is understood that knowledge management is of great value and benefits, it appears that people have

Assignment 1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 1 - Case Study Example 20) whereas extroverts are known for their desire to become oriented externally with other people (Fox, 2010, p. 229). Since people in general can be introverts, there is nothing wrong with having few friends because this can be a personal choice. However, the fact that people tend to walk away each time she enters a group is a clear sign that Peggy does not have a good social well-being. person, it simply means that Kathy has an introvert-type of personality. The fact that she is well liked and that other people are asking her for some advice only means she has a good social life. With regards to her physical health, the fact that she undergoes physical training strongly suggests that that she is physically healthy. The only exercise that Mary has is her daily walks and performing her daily activities. Avoiding TV at night and staying active during the day time is good. In fact, there is nothing wrong with daily walks. To stay physically healthy, Bragg and Bragg (2003, p. 82) mentioned that each person should have their daily walks of 2 to 3 miles each day. However, the fact that Mary avoids wasting time at the gym or paying money for special health classes can be a sign of poor physical health. Undergoing a rigorous exercise program each week is necessary to make Mary sweat and ensure that her heart is in good condition (Bragg and Bragg, 2003, p. 82). The fact that Mary chose not to exert an effort in losing weight or to be more physically fit may eventually put her at risk of having a poor physical condition. Mary is also known for being a perfectionist. Basically, perfectionism is defined as â€Å"behaviour that exceeds what is required of a situation† (Cockerill, 2002, p. 78). For this reason, Mary is prone to feel dissatisfied with anything that she can achieve in class. As one of the brightest student in class, Mary was able to get straight A’s in Biochemistry. In case she gets B in Biochemistry, Mary can be at risk of feeling depressed.

Innovation and Global Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Innovation and Global Strategy - Assignment Example Different alternatives have been proposed by scholars that help in achieving reconciliation between exploitation and exploration at the operational level (Blarr, 2012). Yet, there is no such literature that provides a concise and clear understanding of the phenomenon how organizations develop ambidexterity capability. In this paper is has been studied how organizations use the processes of exploitation and exploration. This study leads to the discussion of how a balance can be practically achieved between the two strategies. Overview of ambidexterity Organizational ambidexterity is a term that refers to the ability of an organization to manage its business efficiently in the current business scenario and become adaptive to the changing environment so as to cope with the change in demand with time (Andriopoulos and Lewis, 2009). In the literal meaning of the term, ambidexterity is the skill of using the left as well as the right hand equally. In business terms, ambidexterity is the sk ill that all organizations need to develop to become successful in the competitive business world. Organizational ambidexterity allows the firms to use the skills of exploitation as well as exploration equally (Wang and Rafiq, 2009; Mom, Bosch and Volberda, 2009). Several terms are related to the development of ambidextrous organization. These aspects are organizational design, knowledge base of the organization and capability to learn, organizational adaptation, technological innovation and strategic management (Dyer and Nobeoka, 2000). Use of exploration and exploitation are two most relevant methods that allow an organization to improve its knowledge base and make new innovations in future. While a company innovates, it is imperative that it is capable of maintaining its stability (He and Wong, 2004). This implies that an ambidextrous organization should be able to exploit its current advantages and facilities and further develop upon them (Kortmann, 2012; Li, 2013). Different al ternatives are provided by various scholars that help to realize the process of simultaneous reconciliation between exploitation and exploration at the operational level within a firm. However, it has not been understood fully how organizations build their ambidexterity capability (Judge and Blocker, 2008). Exploitation & Exploration Exploration and exploitation are two concepts that are explained in terms of proximity of the knowledge that the company seeks. Exploitation activities help to locally search for knowledge that is familiar to the organization and is mature due to long history of work on this field. Exploration, on the other hand, refers to the search for such knowledge that is â€Å"unfamiliar, distant and remote† (Cantarello, Martini and Nosella, 2012, p. 29). Exploration Exploration includes various things like risk taking, bringing variation in knowledge, experimenting, building novelty and flexibility, discovering new methods, selection of the best method and its legitimisation. This process is radical and often tends to break the

Assignment 1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 1 - Case Study Example 20) whereas extroverts are known for their desire to become oriented externally with other people (Fox, 2010, p. 229). Since people in general can be introverts, there is nothing wrong with having few friends because this can be a personal choice. However, the fact that people tend to walk away each time she enters a group is a clear sign that Peggy does not have a good social well-being. person, it simply means that Kathy has an introvert-type of personality. The fact that she is well liked and that other people are asking her for some advice only means she has a good social life. With regards to her physical health, the fact that she undergoes physical training strongly suggests that that she is physically healthy. The only exercise that Mary has is her daily walks and performing her daily activities. Avoiding TV at night and staying active during the day time is good. In fact, there is nothing wrong with daily walks. To stay physically healthy, Bragg and Bragg (2003, p. 82) mentioned that each person should have their daily walks of 2 to 3 miles each day. However, the fact that Mary avoids wasting time at the gym or paying money for special health classes can be a sign of poor physical health. Undergoing a rigorous exercise program each week is necessary to make Mary sweat and ensure that her heart is in good condition (Bragg and Bragg, 2003, p. 82). The fact that Mary chose not to exert an effort in losing weight or to be more physically fit may eventually put her at risk of having a poor physical condition. Mary is also known for being a perfectionist. Basically, perfectionism is defined as â€Å"behaviour that exceeds what is required of a situation† (Cockerill, 2002, p. 78). For this reason, Mary is prone to feel dissatisfied with anything that she can achieve in class. As one of the brightest student in class, Mary was able to get straight A’s in Biochemistry. In case she gets B in Biochemistry, Mary can be at risk of feeling depressed.

Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress Term Paper

Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress - Term Paper Example Solutions for each problem are also mentioned with short implementation strategies. Conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper. Ethical Issues Inherent with Workplace Stress Introduction Due to the rapid changes in the market and industry the levels of stress at workplace are increasing every day and the staff and workers are being pushed hard to meet the targets. Stress has now become part and parcel of the life of each and every individual regardless of the profession. Constantly changing deadlines, long working hours, assignments beyond the capacity of workers are a few issues that the employees have to deal with at workplace. In addition to these most of the time the employees and staff members do not get the expected recognition and encouragement from the authorities. Some of the employees do not get the required health care options and their firms do not offer any stress management programs. Some individuals despite working very hard do not get the opportunity to grow in the organization and achieve higher positions, this adds to the stress they are carrying. The working environment is another important factor in determining the levels of workplace stress in individuals and workplace harassment is a major cause of stress in some organizations. Conflicts between colleagues are very likely to occur in a stressed working environment resulting in more stress. ... Ethics in a society depends upon the feelings of the individuals that form the society. Therefore the workplace ethics of a particular company or firm depend upon the society, the workplace environment, the cultural aspects of the region of company’s existence or the region in which the company does business and also on the organizational structure and employees’ development in a company. The Ethical Issues The various issues that can be classified as ethical issues inherent with workplace stress are: 1. Lack of encouragement and recognition 2. Insufficient health care facilities and lack of stress management programs for the employees 3. Conflicts between colleagues over work distribution and allocation 4. Harassment at workplace 5. Immoral workplace practices These issues will be discussed in detail in the following pages. Lack of Encouragement and Recognition This is the most common cause of workplace stress. It is the moral as well as professional responsibility of the employer to encourage, recognize and reward his employees for their efforts. Recognition is very important and serves as the motivational force which increases the productivity and efficiency of employees and at the same time it makes them own the company. When the employees are recognized and rewarded for their efforts through promotions, salary increments and performance certificates, a sense of growth is felt by the employees. As a result they work more enthusiastically because they start deeming the progress of company as their own progress. On the other hand if employees are not recognized and rewarded for their efforts this greatly affects their performance because when an employee gets a

Accounting Information Systems Simulation Paper Essay Example for Free

Accounting Information Systems Simulation Paper Essay Internal controls are all measures taken by an organization for the purposes of protecting its resources against waste, fraud, or inefficient use; ensuring the reliability of accounting data; securing compliance with management policies; and evaluating the performance of all employees, managers and departments within the organization. The accounting system depends upon internal control procedures to ensure the reliability of accounting data. Many internal control procedures on the other hand make use of accounting data in keeping track of assets and monitoring the performance of departments. Internal control is looked upon more and more as a solution to a variety of potential problems. The effectiveness and efficiency of operations as a technique relates to performance and profitability goals and safeguarding of resources. The Accounting Information System Simulation made me realize that there is an advantage having one person control multiple activities. The disadvantage of having the same person performing multiple activities is having in a process increases if one person has the opportunity to control more then one step of the process. This risk is even more if the person controls consecutive steps because there is no intermediary to check that the steps are not manipulated for personal gains. The separation of duties activity aims to minimize risk by separating the steps of a process in such a way that different person are recording transactions, authorizing them and maintaining custody of assets. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay The line draws when it comes down to what I thin is right for a company. The simulation solution was that access cards were the best solution. In the stimulation I chose to have the hand clock in machine. Having employees clocking in through the hand machine may be degrading to employees, but at the same time make sure that employees do not have other employees clocking in for them. Some of those hand clocks in machines have little cameras that take a picture every time an employee clocks in or out. Prioritization will affect Ramos International expected loss over the year if the right decision is not made. In the stimulation the effects that I chose were good but not right. The order should follow as secure cash, building, and computer network which will result in the least loss over the year. www.Investopida.comwww.wikipedia.comwww.businessweekly.com

Impact Of Climate Change On Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Climate Change On Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay The world is undergoing a broad set of global changes, like changes in population density, climate, resource use, land use, biodiversity, and urbanization and globalization processes. Climate change is one of the drivers of global change, which has over the years been received strong focus by scientists, policy-makers and leaders of the world (Vitousek, 1994). At present climate change is considered as emerging global threat that not only induces physical environmental impacts but also affects the social structures, economic factors and the overall development process (Birkmann, 2010). This emerging threat has introduced a new social community named Climate Refugee especially for the affected developing nations. The UN currently states that more refugees are displaced by environmental catastrophes than wars, and the number of the climate refugee is more than 25 million which is likely to become 50 million in coming decades (Meyers, 2002). Out of those 25 million people about 10 milli on are from Africa who are directly affected by the climate change via droughts. The second largest group is from coastal areas of Asian countries, who are affected by natural disasters like cyclones, storm surges, floods, salinity and droughts (Anon, 2010). The cumulative effects of climate change exacerbate food and water insecurity, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem, environmental degradation and human insecurity through social conflict, political conflict and violence in the affected developing countries (Adger and Kelly, 1999). Hence, the socioeconomic structures are undermined in these countries where the affected people are compelled to switch over occupations for livelihood. These are the people who can no longer ensure a secured livelihood in their origin of dwelling (Mayers, 2002). Together with climate change effects, population pressure problem and hardcore poverty have induced a notable change in the whole economic structure of these countries. As a result, these countries are suffered from chronic socio-economic inequality and social instability (Barnett, 2007). Bangladesh often makes top news all over the world. However, unlike most other countries, it is not because of politics but for devastating natural catastrophes causing huge death tolls and massive destruction. This South Asian LDC, since her independence in 1971, has been struggling with a number of socioeconomic and socio-political problems such as- rapid population growth, poverty, illiteracy, gender disparity, slow economic growth, institutional inertia, political instability, violence and so on. But from last two decades she started struggling with a new problem- the adverse effects of climate change in the form of natural disasters (Miliband, 2009). Over the last two decades these disasters have become regular phenomena contributed miserable suffering to millions of inhabitants who are vulnerable to the climatic shocks (GoB, 2005). In other words, climate risk for Bangladesh is relatively higher than most other countries of the world. The Global Climate Risk Index prepared by G ermanwatch shows that Bangladesh is at top of the ranking of most affected countries by climatic extreme events over the last two decades. Table 1.1 shows the overall ranking made by Germanwatch. that the most common disasters are flood and cyclone. Recent IPCC assessment reports (TAR, 2001 and AR4, 2007) also reveal that over the last two decades both of the above-mentioned disaster-events have become more frequent and devastating for Bangladesh. It is learnt from IPCC reports that 5-10% increase in wind speed is very lik On basis of above-mentioned table, it is easy to apprehend why Bangladesh was cited numerous occasions in COP15 held in Copenhagen in 2009. At present this country is more likely to exposed towards climatic extreme events than most of the countries in the world (UNFCCC, 2009). These events, in form of natural disasters range from ravaging cyclones to devastating floods (Muhammad, 2007). Following Table 1.2 provides an overall idea on most devastating disasters occurred in Bangladesh since early twentieth century. This table shows likely during the cyclone-season in Bangladesh that would eventually enhance storm surge and coastal flooding, while 10-20% increases of wind intensity can cause floods both in coast and inlands as the cyclone makes land fall (Agarwala, 2003). It has been assessed that an increase of 2Â ° C temperature and a 0.3 m sea level rise would cause a cyclone in the costal belt of Bangladesh as strong as cyclone of 1991; furthermore, such a cyclone is likely to result in a 1.5 m higher storm surge that may inundate 20% more land than 1991 cyclone (Ali, 1996). The most recent example of costal cyclone as possible effect of climate change is SIDR which battered the coastal belt in Bangladesh on 15th November 2007. The wind speed was about 220 to 240 km/hour and at least 3,113 people were known dead and more than 10,000 were missing; the damage due to this disaster had been around US$ 2.3 million (EMDAT, 2009). The intensity of SIDR was not less than the 1991 cyclone in some part of the coastal areas and the impact was even more than that. Furthermore, on 27th May 2009, another devastating cyclone named AILA hit the South-western part of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India, which exacerbated the suffering for the affected people in Bangladesh; although an early warning system enabled the evacuation of an estimated 2.7 million people to higher ground and cyclone shelter-houses (BBC, 2009). It is predicted that a single meter rise of sea level would inundate more than 18% of the coastal belt and will affect 11% of the total countrys population. Two-third of the whole country is only 10 m above the sea level; therefore, about 13 million of the total population may likely to be homeless and become environmental refugees as the victim of climate changing process (Huq et al, 1999). Khulna and Barisal, the costal divisions of Bangladesh are relatively disaster-prone, where about 3.2 million people are at risk and about one-eighth of the countrys agricultural lands and more than 8,000 communication networks are likely to be affected due to climate change effects (Parvin, 2010). 1.2 Statement of the problem About one third of the territory of Bangladesh is delimited as coastal areas which are combined of distinctive opportunities, diversified threats and vulnerabilities (HarunOrRashid, 2009). It is because coastal areas possess different geo-physical and environmental characteristics that distinguish the coastal zone from rest of the country. These distinctive characteristics are interplay of tidal regime, salinity in soil and water, cyclone and storm surge; with economic and social implications on the population (PDO-ICZMP, 2003). Hence, such identical geo-physical pattern has introduced a completely different livelihood pattern, where people are involved with selected coastal economic activities like fishing, salt production, fry collection from the sea and resource collection from the adjacent mangrove forest (Ahmed, 2003, Islam, 2004). Although the coastal areas are much more fertile land for agricultural production, these areas are relatively income-poor compared to the rest of the country. Average per capita GDP (at current market price) in the coastal zone was US$ 402 in 2008, compared to US$ 621 for the whole country on average (GoB, 2009; CDP, 2009). There are ten different ethnic communities living in the coastal zones and they have complete different cultures and livelihood patterns. Along with the nontribal people, those ethnic communities completely depend on the coastal natural resources for their livelihood (Kamal, 2001). Their despair and dream, plight and struggle, vulnerability and resilience are uniquely revolved round in an intricate ecological and social setting which make their livelihoods distinctive from other parts of the country to a considerable extent. The Government of Bangladesh has already recognized coastal zone as areas of enormous potentials. In contrast, these areas are lagging behind in socio-economic development and vulnerable to different natural disasters and environmental degradation (Sevaraju, 2006). For a LDC like Bangladesh where the climate change takes a shape of natural disaster not only affects the socio-economic condition of coastal communities but also hinders obtaining an optimal GDP growth (ADPC, 2007). Climate change poses a significant threat for Bangladesh, particularly the projected climate change effects include sea level rise, higher temperature, enhanced monsoon precipitation and run-off, potentially reduced dry season precipitation and increase in cyclone intensity in this region (Agrawala, 2003). Those threats would induce serious impediments to the socioeconomic development of Bangladesh including coastal areas. A subjective ranking of key climate change effects for coastal Bangladesh identifies cyc lone and sea level rise as being of the highest priority in terms of severity, certainty and urgency of impact (Parvin, 2009). National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) and other scholars have identified the coastal areas of Bangladesh as one of the most affected areas in the world due to the threats of climate change effects (GoB 2005). In the southwestern part of Bangladesh the physical isolation of coastal communities makes them highly resource-dependent available around the coast and adjacent mangrove forest (the Sundarbans), which reduces their opportunities to access to alternative livelihoods indeed. These hindrances make the coastal communities vulnerable to any disruption, especially to natural catestrophes. As a result, households in coastal communities suffer from imbalance of social and economic powers, lack of participation in decision-making, limited or zero asset ownership, and laws and regulations influencing peoples ability to use assets or access to resources (Pomeroy et al., 2006). 1.3 Justification of the study There are only a few number of studies have been conducted on coastal Bangladesh. These studies are mainly conducted on hazard warning and evacuation system (Paul and Dutt, 2010), health security due to disaster (Ray-Bennet et al., 2010), physical injuries during cyclones (Paul, 2009), and coastal hazards and community-coping method (Parvin, 2009). So, most of these studies focused on the coping and adaptation mechanisms in coastal areas. However, we hardly find any study that addressed the socioeconomic vulnerability in local level of coastal zone, especially in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. Hence, without identifying local-level vulnerability pattern the suggested coping or adaptation mechanism is likely to be least effective in reality. In this study we attempt to fill up the knowledge gap by identifying quantitative local-level vulnerability at first; then we try to look for optimal adaptation options based on empirical relationship between vulnerability and important soci oeconomic parameters. We selected Koyra upazila as our study area, which one of the most disaster-prone areas in southwestern coastal zone of Bangladesh. 1.4 Research questions and objectives of the study Considering all the above-mentioned facts, we proceed with the discovery of logical answers of following research questions; What is the symptom of climate change in the study area? Which major climatic factors constitute for climate change here? Which factors exacerbate such vulnerability? Is there any single factor or multiple factors? What is the nature and magnitude of relationship between this vulnerability and socioeconomic factors in the study area? What are the possible adaptation options in terms of capacity for the vulnerable households in study area? The above-mentioned research questions are addressed by the study objectives. Hence, the main study objectives are; To understand and figure out the manifestation of climate change in the study area, To quantify socioeconomic vulnerability and assess the nature and magnitude of the relationship between vulnerability and major socioeconomic parameters of the study area, and To identify and recommend the optimal adaptation options in terms of capacity of households in the study area while addressing socioeconomic vulnerability. 1.5 Outline of this study This study consists of nine chapters. Let us have a glimpse at the brief contents of all the chapters chronologically. Chapter one is introduction. It provides an overall scenario on Bangladeshs status in relations with climate change effects. We briefly discuss about the problem statement and then we identify the possible knowledge gap of socioeconomic vulnerability in the study area. We conclude this chapter by mentioning a number of research questions, which are addressed by three main objectives of this study. In Chapter two we focus on the theoretical background and theoretical framework for this study. Under theoretical background we mention and briefly discuss relevant literatures in accordance with our study objectives. Then we depict the theoretical framework for this study, which is used for quantifying socioeconomic vulnerability of the study area. We mention about the methodology of this study in Chapter three. In this chapter we focus on types of research that we have adopted in this study. Then in accordance with study objectives we mention associated data type, collection techniques and data sources. We also mention the sampling method and sampling size. The construction of vulnerability index is discussed in this chapter. Finally we conclude by mentioning the impediments those we faced while accomplishing this study. Chapter four deals with the description of study area Koyra. We mention important information about geographical location, administration, topographic, physiographic and socioeconomic condition. We include a Disaster Calendar for our study area that we made by collecting information from households. Chapter five deals with identification of climate change effects and quantification of socioeconomic vulnerability at local level of study area. In this we show possible climate change effects in the study area based on empirical data and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) findings. Later we quantify vulnerability for each union by applying the Vulnerability Index. We show union-wise vulnerability with the help of maps. Once we have quantified vulnerability, we conduct a number of econometric analyses in Chapter six in order to show relationship between vulnerability and important socioeconomic parameters of study area. We mention the major findings from analyses in two different tables. We also put brief explanation of models and variables used in this study. In Chapter seven we discuss the major findings obtained from model analyses in elaborated way. Here we also mention the possible reasons behind the nature and extent of relationship between vulnerability and socioeconomic parameters of study area. At the end of this chapter we check the consistency of vulnerability index by applying an alternative approach. Subsequent regression coefficients of alternative approach are also tested and compared with the old model results. Based on the results of relationship mentioned in chapter six and seven; we recommend the optimal adaptation options for the affected people through brief description in Chapter eight. We also draw few of our recommendations on basis of correlation between different variables. The existing adaptation options in study area are also mentioned in Chapter eight. We conclude this study in Chapter nine. We summarize major findings from this study in a nut shell. Besides, we focus on shortcomings of the approach we used to quantify vulnerability. In fine we mention the issues that we did not address in this study where further research can be conducted.

Obesity in Ameirca :: Overweight Obese essays

Did you know that 20% of Idaho’s population is obese? According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) approximately 127 million adults in the U.S. are overweight, 60 million adults are obese, and 9 million adults are severely obese. One-third of the American adult population is affected by obesity each year and is increasing. â€Å"The definition of obesity varies depending on what one reads, but in general, it is a chronic condition defined by an excess amount of body fat. A certain amount of body fat is necessary for storing energy, heat insulation, shock absorption, and other functions. The normal amount of body fat (expressed as percentage of body fat) is between 25-30% in women and 18-23% in men. Women with over 30% body fat and men with over 25% body fat are considered obese.†# Obesity is the second leading preventable disease in the U.S.. We chose this topic because as athletes representing Lewis Clark State College we think it is important to li ve a healthy life style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Are you obese? This is a question that can be solved by a calculation. Divide your weight, in kilograms, by the square of your height, in meters. Calculating BMI # Top of Form 1 [Weight (lbs)ï ¿ ¼ à · height (in)2 ï ¿ ¼] x 704.5 =ï ¿ ¼BMI Bottom of Form 1 This is called your BMI (Body Mass Index). If the ratio is roughly 27 or more you are considered obese, but if the ratio is 40 or more you are considered severely obese. Other methods of finding out if you are obese is by your waist circumference, blood tests, or skin-fold measures. There aren’t any specific symptoms, but with obesity there are major health problems that contribute to the disease. Some risks from obesity are arteriosclerosis, sleep apnea, skin disorders, gallstones, type two diabetes, cancer (prostate, breast, uterus, colon, and gallbladder) arthritis, and depression. These risk factors will have a higher probability on an obese or overweight person with one or more of these health-related problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obesity has been seen in America since the 1960’s, but now it has become a health concern. The CDC reported that in 2005 obesity would reach a 500,000 death toll , over taking smoking as the leading cause of death if the trend continued in 2004 of 400,000 deaths. There is no real reason or understanding why one culture will grow bigger than another, but it is obvious why a certain individual will gain weight.

George Washington :: essays research papers

Find in this article Print article Send us feedback More Media (11 items) Article Outline Introduction, Early Life, Early Career, General of the Continental Army, Return Home, President of the United States, Second Term as President, Last Years I. IntroductionPrint section Washington, George (1732-1799), first president of the United States (1789-1797) and one of the most important leaders in United States history. His role in gaining independence for the American colonies and later in unifying them under the new U.S. federal government cannot be overestimated. Laboring against great difficulties, he created the Continental Army, which fought and won the American Revolution (1775-1783), out of what was little more than an armed mob. After an eight-year struggle, his design for victory brought final defeat to the British at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced Great Britain to grant independence to its overseas possession. With victory won, Washington was the most revered man in the United States. Advertisement A lesser person might have used this power to establish a military dictatorship or to become king. Washington sternly suppressed all such attempts on his behalf by his officers and continued to obey the weak and divided Continental Congress. However, he never ceased to work for the union of the states under a strong central government. He was a leading influence in persuading the states to participate in the Constitutional Convention, over which he presided, and he used his immense prestige to help gain ratification of its product, the Constitution of the United States. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington reluctantly accepted the presidency of the United States. Probably no other man could have succeeded in welding the states into a lasting union. Washington fully understood the significance of his presidency. â€Å"I walk on untrodden ground,† he said. â€Å"There is scarcely any part of my conduct which may not hereafter be drawn in precedent.

Personality Theory: Albert Bandura & Carl Rogers Essay

Personality is an intriguing component in psychology vital for the perception of human beings. Understanding and defining personality has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single theory can adequately define it. If one was to ask an ordinary individual to do so, some of the most common answers might be â€Å"a person’s characteristics† or â€Å"the impression (s) one makes on others†. Personality Theorists on the other hand view personality as the essence of the person, the individual’s true inner nature (Rathus, 2004). According to Carver and Scheier (2000), â€Å"Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create a person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings† (p.5). For this assignment the assumptions of the Social-Cognitive and Humanistic theoretical paradigms of personality will be applied to evaluate the personality of the case study, M yesha. It will also discuss personality tests- methods/instruments, used to measure whether people are sad, glad or bad and how people with certain personality traits respond to life’s demand. Before one can begin to understand and assess this individual’s personality, it is important to briefly review the Social-Cognitive and Humanistic theories of personality with their respective theorists such as Albert Bandura and for the Humanistic approach, Carl Rogers. According to Passer & Smith (2007), social cognitive theory is a perspective that was developed by Albert Bandura. It â€Å"combines the behavioural and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences† (p.467). It is proposed that an individual’s thoughts and actions originate in the social world and there is the capacity for self regulation and to engage in active cognitive processes (Bandu ra, 1999). The humanistic or phenomenological theories of personality view humans as innately good. Emphasis is placed on individual experiences, relationships and ways of understanding the world. Human nature includes a natural drive towards personal growth. We as humans have the ability to choose what we do regardless of environment and humans are pretty much conscious beings. We are not controlled by unconscious needs and conflicts (Engler, 2008). According to Rogers (1951) individuals possess the innate ability to know what is important to them, what is essential for a more fulfilling life. This is known as an Organismic Valuing Process. Myesha demonstrated this as she wanted to study Literatures in English, while her mother wanted her to follow in her stepfather’s footsteps and study Law instead. Rogers would have stated at this point that Myesha went against her Organismic Valuing Process and conformed to her mother’s wishes by studying Law. When significant others in an individual’s world, ( in Myesha’s case; her parents), provide positive regard that is conditional, rather than unconditional, the individual introjects the desired values, making them ones own, thus they acquire â€Å"conditions of worth† (Engler, 2008). As a result, the self concept becomes based on these standards of value, rather than on the organismic evaluation. According to Bandura (1978), while assessing an individual’s behavior, there are three interactional processes to consider; the person, the individual’s behaviour and the environmental setting. These factors all operate as interlocking determinants of each other and â€Å"it is largely through their actions that people produce the environmental conditions that affect their behavior in a reciprocal fashion† (Funder & Ozer, 2001, p.461) (see Appendix 1). This process involves a triadic reciprocal interaction rather than a dyadic conjoint or a dyadic bi directional one (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). For instance Myesha quickly realized that Law was not for her. She considered dropping out of the University as she had gotten involved with a spoken word group around this time. As a result, her stepfather threatened to stop supporting her if she dropped out and this placed a strain on family relationships. These are all factors of cause and effect, which are influencing each other. Bandura views Myesha as an agentic operator in her life. He would believe that she has the capability to intentionally make things happen by her actions and that she is not an â€Å"onlooking host of internal mechanisms orchestrated by environmental events† (Bandura, 2001, p.2). Individuals are sentient agents of experiences rather than simply undergoers of experience. The sensory motor and cerebral systems are tools people use to accomplish the tasks and goals that give meaning and direction in their lives (Harrà © & Gillet 1994). Carl Rogers also agrees to some degree with Bandura, in the belief that the environment also affects us and the people in our environment determine what our behavior will be like (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). He also believes that her experience in the spoken word group can have an impact on her personal growth and individual experiences. The belief is that Myesha’s experiences are unique, and that her perception of the world is critical to understanding and achieving a particular behavior that would be identical to her becoming a self-actualized individual (Gladding, 2004; Engler, 2008). Social cognitive theory maintains that most human behaviour is self-regulated. Through cumulative direct and vicarious experience, people develop performance standards that they use to evaluate their own behaviour. Almost constantly the person compares what he or she does in a situation with some performance standard (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Bandura (1974), these standards are prescribed by socialization agents and parents who define the conduct worthy of reward. Responses from these individuals are either negative or positive based on the valued levels. For example, if performance is achieved or exceeds the standards, an individual’s parents may react in a positive manner towards the child. This child will experience intrinsic reinforcement. On the other hand if performance falls short of a standard, the person experiences intrinsic punishment, as a result of the negative reaction exhibited by one’s parents, social agents or ones self (Hergenhan & Olson, 1999). Although Myesha seemed to be able to manage her performance in the Law programme, her decision not to attend her class presentation may be viewed as a form of intrinsic punishment. Bandura and Kupers (1964) for example, found that children, exposed to models who set high performance standards, reinforced themselves only for superior performance, whereas children, exposed to models accepting minimal performance standards, reinforced themselves for minimal performance. It would be expected then that relevant people in a child’s life, for instance parents, siblings and peers, would have a profound influence on the development of a child’s performance standards. We see that Myesha’s success as a straight ‘A’ student throughout primary school transitioned to a declining performance upon entering secondary school. Additionally, we need to consider her family relationship as a contributing factor. At this time, her brother was considered the favourite by her mother and stepfather. Additionally, performance standards must be realistic. In other words, if they are too lenient, they will be too easily met, and little, if any, self-reinforcement will result from performing in accordance with them (Bandura 1974). If they are too stringent, one will experience frustration or worse. In Myesha’s case, her stepfather threatened to withdraw financial support if she dropped out of the Law programme and this further caused their relationship to become strained. Her brother’s attitude was negative and her mother became depressed. Bandura (1986) says, â€Å"In its more extreme forms, harsh standards for self-evaluation give rise to depressive reactions, chronic discouragement, feelings of worthlessness, and lack of purposefulness†. According to Hergenhan and Olson (1999), Bandura observed among the mechanisms of personal agency, none is more central or pervasive than people’s beliefs about their capabilities to exercise control over events that a ffect their lives. Self-efficacy refers to what a person is actually capable of doing, that is, belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (Bandura, 1994). This is known as perceived self efficacy (Bandura, in press, p. 2). According to Pajares (1996), these beliefs of personal competence effect behaviour in several ways as they influence the choices individuals make and the courses of action they pursue (544). Individuals engage in tasks in which they feel competent and confident and avoid those in which they do not. This was exhibited by Myesha with her spoken word group becoming very popular on the local scene. At this point, according to Bandura, Myesha has a high self esteem and a high self efficacy, as she enjoys performing with her group (Pervin et al., 2005). In contrast, she considers dropping out of the Law programme, as it is something that she does not enjoy, but is still capable of doing. She knew the material for her presentation, but Myesha still skipped it. In doing so, she exhibited a high self esteem, because she knew the work and yet at the same time, she possessed a low sense of self efficacy, as she was unable to achieve a high grade on the presentation as she found it difficult to think about it. Rogers (as cited in Barone, Hersen, Vincent & Hasselt, 2004) stated, an organism functions to maintain consistency among self perceptions and congruence between perceptions of the self and experiences. According to Lecky (as cited in Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987), self conceptions are important for survival because they enable individuals to predict and control the nature of social reality. Thus â€Å"individuals are therefore motivated to preserve their self views which they do by thinking and behaving in ways that perpetuate their conceptions of self† which was demonstrated by Myesha when she skipped the presentation (Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987 ,p.881). Rogers states however that if Myesha continues to participate in the spoken word group she is more likely to achieve her â€Å"ideal self† in agreement with the result shown from Bandura’s High self efficacy (Friedman & Schustack, 2008). The humanistic or phenomenological, theories of personality suggest that she should have a positive and optimistic view of her behaviour and she should take life into her own hands and stop doing law which is making her unhappy. She should continue being involved with her spoken word group which she is successful at. Then being able to finance herself in the degree she wants to do as she is old enough to do so (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Pervin et al. (2005), â€Å"Bandura believes that social and economic conditions influence individual’s beliefs about their ability to influence events† (p.419). In the case study Myesha’s emotional ties to her family along with her step father threatening to withdraw his financial support led her to continue with the Law programme. In contrast Rogers (as cited in Kahn & Rachman, 2000), views Myesha’s decision to continue with the Law programme as a need for positive regard, which is acceptance, peace and financial support from her family. Myesha’s decision is also an indication that the conditions of worth still exists. However based on Roger’s conditional positive regard, she is bending herself out of shape to please her family (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). Experiences in accordance with these conditions are perceived and symbolized accurately in awareness, while those that are not are denied and distorted into awareness, which may lead to incongruence between the self as perceived and the actual experience of the individual, also resulting in possible tension, confusion and maladaptive behaviour (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). These said experiences can be perceived as threatening by an organism without conscious awareness, utilizing a process known as subception, which is a form of discrimination without awareness that can result in anxiety. This was displayed when Myesha thrashed in bed, sweating and her heart pounding the night before she was to do the presentation (Barone et al., 2004). Carl Roger proposed that Myesha is living in the here and now as she is involved with the spoken word group which she enjoys. This is what he calls existential living, which is on the basis that the present is the only reality that one has. Social cognitive theory disagrees with this notion in that â€Å"a primary determinant in an individual’s actions and emotions is in ones expectations about the future† (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 425). Organisms possess expectancies regarding topics such as behaviour of others, the rewards or punishments that may follow a certain type of behaviour, or an indvidual’s ability to handle stress and challenges. It is this system of thoughts about the future that constitutes the person’s expectations. In the case of Myesha, she felt an immediate sense of relief when she played truant and did not take part in the presentation, she also felt guilty and worried over the consequences of her failure (Pervin et al., 2005). Recommended Instruments to assess Myesha’s personality When one speaks of personality assignment in psychology, activities include the diagnosis of mental illness, prediction of behaviour, measurement of unconscious processes and quantification of interpersonal styles and tendencies. Although all of these descriptions may be true for different clinicians working with various client groups, this listing may not accurately capture the full range of modern personality assessment. Personality assessment therefore is a complex clinical enterprise where the tools of assessment are used in concert with data from referring providers, such as, clients, families, schools, courts and other influential sources (). In order to assess Myesha’s personality, we should briefly look at her perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as a person’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes (Betz, Klein & Taylor, 1996). They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. We see that Myesha’s struggle to choose a career, has affect on her self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that we measure her personality using the ‘Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale’ (CDSE). The CDMSE is a well-developed construct. Hackett and Betz (1981), were the first to apply Bandura’s (1977) propositions about self-efficacy to career behaviour in a seminal study of women’s career development. They demonstrated that career decisions, achievements and adjustment behaviours were subject to the influence of self-efficacy beliefs in both men and women. Taylor and Betz (1983) developed the Career Decision-making Self-efficacy (CDMSE) scale to measure these self-efficacy expectations, in terms of goal selection, occupational information, problem solving, planning, and self-appraisal. In the process, Taylor and Betz demonstrated that participants with lower levels of efficacy for decision-making were also more undecided. Another instrument that will be used to assess Myesha’s personality is the Q-Sort. The Q-Sort is a technique used by humanistic theorists such as Carl Rogers, to measure the self concept of an individual (Hergenhan and Olson, 1999). The Q-Sort assessment was developed by Stephenson (1953). This assessment was used to help individuals to differentiate between the ideal self and the concepts of the self, since human beings struggle with the concepts of who they really are as Myesha exhibited in the case study (Barone, Hersen,Vincent & Hasselt, 2004). The Q-Sort consists of a deck of 100 cards, each containing fairly specific characteristic statements within an individual’s personality such as â€Å"detail oriented† or â€Å"high self-esteem†(see Appendix 2). Since the individual chooses the cards this enables the psychologists conducting the assessment to have some control in the results of the assessment and to find the origin of Myesha’s behaviour, also defining what they want to know. The goal of this assessment is to determine where a person is at, relative to these qualities, at the beginning of treatment and then to re-assess at various intervals and at the end to determine progress (Engler, 2008). As the name indicates, Myesha will have to sort the cards in accordance to what she believes are her characteristics and place them in categories. This will enable Myesha and the tester to be able to see the differences and discrepancies between the real and ideal self as well as examine and highlight the level of self esteem. Meysha’s real self will reflect immediate circumstances, experiences and self characterization, while her ideal self should enable her to relate to the future by setting goals to which she would aspire, rather than goals that others want her to obtain. This technique is often best used on students. Myesha is a student and this assessment will indicate how empathy, conditional positive regard and genuineness have played a role in her personal growth. This will enable the psychologists to help her to come to some realization of who she is and how to work towards who she needs to be. These two instruments will allow Myesha to have an understanding of who she is and this should also enable her to successfully cope with, or eliminate, her anxiety as she strives towards her future goals. References Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, Encyclopedia of human behavior. Academic Press, 4, 77-81 Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, A., & Kupers, C. J. (1964). Transmission of patterns of self-reinforcement through modelling. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 1-9 Bandura, A (1999). A social cognitive theory of personality. Retrieved on 12th Feb 2010 http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Bandura1999HP.pdf Bandura, A. (2001) Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology. 52, 1-26. Bandura, A. (in press). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bandura, A. (1974). The case of the Mistaken Dependent Variable. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83 (3), 301-303. Bandura, A. (1978). The Self System in Reciprocal Determinism. American Psychological Association, 33 (4), 344 – 358. Barone,F. D., Hersen,V., B, V., & Hasselt, V.( 2004). Advanced Personality (1st Ed). Springer. Betz, N., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 399-410. Betz, N. E., Klein, K., Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision- Making Self-Efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 47-57. Carver,C.S and Scheier,M.F. (2000).Perspectives on personality (4th Ed.)Allyn and Bacon. Engler, B. (2008). Personality Theories (8th Ed). Wadsworth Publishing. Friedman, S. H., & Schustack, W. M. (2008). Personality Classic Theories and Modern Research (4th Ed). Allyn & Bacon. Funder , C. D., & Ozer, J. D. (2001). Pieces of The Personality Puzzle (2nd Ed). Norton and Company Inc. Gladding, T. S, (2000). Counseling: A Comprehensive profession (4th Ed). Prentice Hall, Inc. Harrà ©, R., & Gillet, G. (1994). The discursive mind. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Hergenhan, B.R., Olson, M. H. (1999). An introduction to theories of personality. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pajares, F. (1996). Self efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66 (4), 543-578. Passer, W. M., & Smith, E. R. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior (3rd Ed). McGraw Hill. Pervin, A. L., Cervone, D., & john, P.O. (2005). Personality Theory and Research (Eds). John Wiley. Rathus, A.S. (2004). Psychology Concepts and Connections. New York: Thomson Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications,and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Schultz, P. D., & Schultz, E. S. (2008). Theories of Persoanlity (9th Ed). Wadworth Publishing. Swann, B. W.,Griffin, J. J., Predmore, C. C., & Gaines, B. (1987). The cognitive affect crossfire: When self-consistency confronts self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Taylor, K., & Betz, N. (1983). Applications of self efficacy theory to understanding the treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63-81.